制造业投入数字化、就业技能结构与技能工资差距

摘要基于2007—2020年中国上市公司微观数据,检验制造业投入数字化对我国企业就业技能结构和技能工资差距的影响。结果表明:(1)投入数字化总体上会提高就业规模,增加高技能劳动力占比,减少中低技能劳动力占比,有利于就业结构升级。(2)投入数字化在促进就业技能结构升级的同时,还会通过增加高技能和技术人员占比扩大内部技能工资差距。(3)异质性分析表明,基于机器技术的投入数字化能够同时带来高技能劳动力就业创造和中低技能劳动力就业破坏,而非机器技术的投入数字化对劳动力的就业效应不显著。投入数字化对所在地数字化发展水平高的企业就业结构升级、扩大技能工资差距的影响显著,对所在地数字化发展水平低的企业就业影响不显著。投入数字化对教育培训支出高的企业会带来就业创造和破坏,缩小技能工资差距;对教育培训支出低的企业就业结构影响不显著,会扩大技能工资差距。

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关键词：投入数字化就业技能结构制造业技能工资差距

Abstract： Based on the micro-data of China’s listed companies from 2007 to 2020, this paper examines the impact of input digitalization in manufacturing on the employment skill structure and skilled-unskilled wage gap of Chinese enterprises with fixed effect model. There are following findings: (1) Input digitalization is generally conducive to improving the scale of employment, increasing the proportion of high-skilled employees, reducing the proportion of medium and low skilled employees, and promoting the upgrading of employment structure; (2) Input digitalization not only promotes the upgrading of employment skill structure, but also expands the skilled-unskilled wage gap between high skilled and low skilled employees in enterprises by increasing the proportion of high skilled and technical employees; (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that input digitalization based on machine technology can bring about both high skill employment creation and medium and low skill employment destruction, while input digitalization based on non-machine technology has no significant effect on employment. The impact of input digitalization on the upgrading employment structure and widening skilled-unskilled wage gap is significant for companies in areas with a high level of digital economic development. However, the impact on companies in areas with a low level of digital economic development is not significant. For companies with high spending on education and training, input digitalization will create job creation and destruction but not narrow the skilled-unskilled wage gap, while the effect on companies that spend less on education and training is not significant, widening the skilled-unskilled wage gap. Therefore, while promoting the digital transformation of enterprises, the government should comprehensively enhance the premium ability of medium and low skilled workers, improve the income distribution policy and social welfare system, prevent the income gap from widening, and lay a micro foundation for realization of common prosperity.

Keywords： Input Digitalization Employment Skill Structure Manufacturing Skill Wage Gap

收稿日期 2023-09-10; 接受日期 ;

基金资助:教育部人文社会科学研究项目(22YJC790142);教育部人文社会科学研究项目(22YJC790135)

通讯作者 刘德学(1961— ),男,吉林长春人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事贸易与企业经济研究。

作者简介: 郝能(1995— ),女,山西长治人,博士研究生,主要从事数字经济与全球价值链研究;吴云霞(1990— ),女,山西朔州人,博士,中北大学讲师,南开大学在站博士后,主要从事劳动经济研究;曾林(1997— ),男,湖南岳阳人,博士研究生,主要从事财税政策与企业经济研究。

引用本文:

郝能, 刘德学, 吴云霞, 曾林.制造业投入数字化、就业技能结构与技能工资差距[J]. 经济经纬, 2024,3: 82-93

HAO Neng, LIU Dexue, WU Yunxia, ZENG Lin.Digitalization of Manufacturing Input, Employment Skill Structure and Skilled-unskilled Wage Gap[J] Economic Survey, 2024,V41(3): 82-93

链接本文:

http://www.jjjw.org.cn/CN/ 或 http://www.jjjw.org.cn/CN/Y2024/V41/I3/82

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