Abstract Previously many scholars have analyzed the various influences of carbon tax or carbon tariffs separately from a quantitative perspective. The author, however, makes a comparative study of the different effects of carbon tax and carbon tariff, and the findings indicate that the carbon tariff to be levied by the developed economies is more favorable to themselves but will bring negative influence on the exports of the developing economies, which qualitatively reveals the protective nature of carbon tariff. Meanwhile, the empirical simulation analysis by a VAR model also verifies the above conclusion in a quantitative manner