Abstract Based on the panel data of 283 prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2020, this paper constructs a common prosperity system with 18 three-level indicators, and uses a fixed effect model to evaluate the impact of digital inclusive finance on common prosperity and its mechanism. The results show that digital inclusive finance and its three sub-dimensions can significantly promote common prosperity. When they exceed a certain threshold, their role in promoting common prosperity is more obvious. Entrepreneurial activity, agricultural total factor productivity and the level of transportation infrastructure play a partial mediating role in the enhancement effect of digital financial inclusion on common prosperity. Further research indicates that there is heterogeneity in the impact of digital inclusive finance on common prosperity. The development of digital inclusive finance in eastern cities plays a stronger role in promoting common prosperity than that of central and western regions, while the development of digital inclusive finance in areas with low level of common prosperity plays a more obvious role in promoting common prosperity. On the basis of the above conclusions, the paper puts forward policy suggestions of establishing the new orientation of “Entrepreneurship, Emphasizing Agriculture and Promoting Transportation (promoting transportation infrastructure construction)”, and vigorously develop digital inclusive finance in order to achieve common prosperity in a more balanced and full way.