Abstract Based on the panel data of Chinese A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2008 to 2018, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of patent administrative protection on key technology innovation and total factor productivity growth. The study shows that, on the whole, strengthening the administrative protection of patent rights is beneficial to the key technological innovation and total factor productivity growth of enterprises. The sub-sample results show that strengthening the administrative protection of patent rights plays a more important role in promoting the key technological innovation and total factor productivity growth of state-owned enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises and low-tech enterprises. The analysis of the influence mechanism shows that patent administrative protection promotes key technological innovation by attracting foreign direct investment, thus further improving total factor productivity.