Abstract Based on the expectancy theory and fairness theory, this paper analyzed the influencing mechanism of motivation and fairness on farmer’s training engagement. Then the paper made an empirical test on the minority regions of south-western China by Hierarchical Linear Modeling. The results show that motivation consisting of the fit between supply and demand, examination and the training function in favor of the job can promote farmers’ engagement in training. The examination fairness level plays an important role in the learning engagement. According to the analysis of this study, we propose to create a good policy environment, standardize training content and level and harden intrinsic motivation and fairness for farmers engaging in training.